Exploring the Public Health of Travel Behaviors in High-Speed Railway Environment during the COVID-19 Pandemic from the Perspective of Trip Chain: A Case Study of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Urban Agglomeration, China.

The outbreak and spreading of COVID-19 since early 2020 have dramatically impacted public health and the travel environment. However, most of the studies are devoted to travel behavior from the macro perspective. Meanwhile, few researchers pay attention to intercity travel behavior. Thus, this study explores the changes in the travel behavior of intercity high-speed railway travelers during the COVID-19 pandemic from the perspective of the individual. Using the smartphone data, this study first extracts the trip chains by proposing a novel method including three steps. The trip chain can describe the whole process of traveling, including individual characteristics, travel time, travel distance, travel mode, etc. Then, a Multinomial Logit model is applied to analyze the trip chains which verified the validity by using studentized residual error. The study finds that intercity travel behavior has changed in gender, age, travel mode choice, and travel purpose by comparing the trip chains between May 2019 and May 2021 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban agglomeration. The method proposed in this study can be used to assess the impact of any long-term emergency on individual travel behavior. The findings proposed in this study are expected to guide public health management and travel environment improvement under the situation of normalized COVID-19 prevention and safety control.

Critical Care Database Comprising Patients With Infection.

Patients treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) are closely monitored and receive intensive treatment. Such aggressive monitoring and treatment will generate high-granularity data from both electronic healthcare records and nursing charts. These data not only provide infrastructure for daily clinical practice but also can help to inform clinical studies. It is technically challenging to integrate and cleanse medical data from a variety of sources. Although there are several open-access critical care databases from western countries, there is a lack of this kind of database for Chinese adult patients. We established a critical care database involving patients with infection. A large proportion of these patients have sepsis and/or septic shock. High-granularity data comprising laboratory findings, baseline characteristics, medications, international statistical classification of diseases (ICD) code, nursing charts, and follow-up results were integrated to generate a comprehensive database. The database can be utilized for a variety of clinical studies. The dataset is fully accessible at PhysioNet(https://physionet.org/content/icu-infection-zigong-fourth/1.0/).

An overview of COVID-19 aerosol box for preventing droplet and aerosol contaminations in healthcare providers performing airway intubation.

The COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2, which is extremely infectious. Numerous virologist suggestions and guidelines advised using P2/N95 masks, gloves, goggles, face-shields, and frocks or gowns as routine specific protective tools during airway management to protect healthcare personnel from infection (PPE). However, numerous imitation research has indicated that conventional PPE cannot adequately protect healthcare personnel. Since then, numerous firms and healthcare professionals have created their personal reformed devices 'aerosol containment devices' (ACD). Their usage has expanded throughout the world without being properly evaluated for usefulness, efficacy, or safety. The practice of 'ACD' has been shown to make tracheal intubation (TI) more problematic in several simulated tests. Furthermore, the device should limit the transmission of droplets from a patient; however, it might put healthcare personnel at danger of being exposed to greater levels of viral aerosols. Consequently, the existing state of information suggests that 'ACD' deprived of a vacuum mechanism can simply protect healthcare personnel against viral transmission to a limited extent. We search various databases for the literature with keywords 'COVID-19,' 'aerosol box,' 'aerosol contaminations,' and 'droplet contaminations.' The current review focused on the aerosol box from various perspectives, including their mechanism, optimum time of use, the spread of aerosol control, current gaps, and future perspective for bridging those gaps.

The Involvement of Chronic Kidney Disease and Acute Kidney Injury in Disease Severity and Mortality in Patients with COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the association of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) with the clinical prognosis of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS: The PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, medRxiv, Social Science Research Network, and Research Square databases (from December 1, 2019 to May 15, 2020) were searched to identify studies that reported the associations of CKD/AKI and disease severity/mortality. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and meta-regression was performed. RESULTS: In total, 42 studies enrolling 8,932 participants were included in this meta-analysis. The quality of most included studies was moderate to high. Compared with patients without previously diagnosed CKD, those with CKD had a significantly increased risk of progressing to a severe condition (OR 2.31, 95% CI 1.64-3.24) or death (OR 5.11, 95% CI 3.36-7.77). Similarly, compared with patients without AKI, those with AKI had a significantly increased risk of progressing to a severe condition (OR 11.88, 95% CI 9.29-15.19) or death (OR 30.46, 95% CI 18.33-50.59). Compared with patients with previously diagnosed CKD, those with AKI were more likely to progress to a severe condition (pgroup < 0.001, I2 = 98.3%) and even to death (pgroup < 0.001, I2 = 96.5%). Age had a significant impact on the association between CKD and disease severity (p = 0.001) but had no impact on the associations between AKI and disease severity (p = 0.80), between CKD and mortality (p = 0.51), or between AKI and mortality (p = 0.86). Four important complications (cardiac injury, shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and liver injury) did not significantly affect the associations between CKD/AKI and disease severity/mortality, indicating that CKD/AKI may be independent clinical prognostic indicators for patients with COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS: In COVID-19 patients, CKD/AKI was associated with worse outcomes compared with those without CKD/AKI. AKI was associated with higher risks of severity and mortality than CKD.

Diagnosis and treatment process of a case of "Fuyang" after recovery of light COVID-19 and its influencing factors

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the key points and difficulties of diagnosis and management of the patients by reporting the case of positive nucleic re-examination in patient after treatment of a light novel coronavirus pneumonia. METHODS: A case of light novel coronavirus pneumonia diagnosed and treated in January 2020, the possible factors of rejuvenation and the process of isolation management during the period were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: The patient had only dry cough symptoms and no history of clear contact. After two times of pharynx swabs tested negative for nucleic acid, the patient was tested positive again, who was less likely re-infected and may have long detoxification time with the risk of spreading the virus. It maybe related to the limitations of nucleic acid reagent testing and sampling method. CONCLUSION: It is of great significance to accurately identify and control light and "Fuyang" patients and take strictly quarantine measures to reduce risk of transmission.